Electrochemical procedures have emerged as a powerful tool for the synthesis of complex organic molecules including transformation of natural products. In this study, the electrosynthesis of biseugenol in MeOH afforded one new oxidized derivative, which was characterized as methoxyl-oxo-biseugenol (MOB) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) analysis. Since biseugenol was previously described as a cytotoxic natural product, MOB was also tested against tumoral cells B16F10-Nex2 (murine metastatic melanoma) and SKMEL-25 (human metastatic melanoma) as well as against non-tumoral cells MØ Raw 264.7 (murine macrophage immortalized) and HUVEC (human umbilical endothelium). As results, MOB showed inhibitory concentration that affects 50% of cells (IC50) values of 9.5 ± 1.6 mg mL-1(B16F10Nex2), 13.2 ± 2.5 mg mL-1 (SKMEL-25), 19.9 ± 3.5 mg mL-1 (MØ Raw 264.7) and 36.3 ± 7.4 mg mL-1 (HUVEC). Therefore, selectivity index (SI) values of MOB to tumoral cells B16F10Nex2 and SKMEL-25 were calculated as 2.1 and 2.8, respectively, higher than biseugenol (1.4 and 1.7, respectively). Based on these results, the superior cytotoxic activity of MOB in comparison to biseugenol could be associated, at least in part, to the presence of a non-aromatic ring and a conjugated carbonyl system instead of a phenol moiety.

Peptídeos são moléculas particularmente reativas produzidas por uma grande variedade de espécies, aptos a exercer um número de funções em organismos uni-e multicelulares como mediadores, agonistas e substâncias regulatórias. Alguns deles exercem efeitos citotóxicos em células outras das que os produzem, e podem ter um papel controlando subpopulações e protegendo certas espécies ou tipos celulares. No presente, focalizamos peptídeos antifúngicos e antitumorais e discutimos alguns modelos nos quais seqüências específicas e estruturas exercem efeitos inibitórios diretos ou estimulam uma resposta imune protetora. O peptídeo letal ("killer"), deduzido de um anticorpo anti-idiotípico, com várias atividades antimicrobianas bem como outros peptídeos derivados de imunoglobulinas com atividades citotóxicas incluindo efeitos antitumorais são modelos estudados in vitro e in vivo. O peptídeo P10 da gp43 de P. brasiliensis e a perspectiva de vacina contra a paracoccidioidomicose é outro tópico ilustrando o efeito protetor in vivo contra um fungo patogênico. Peptídeos antimicrobianos catiônicos com atividades antitumorais são os principais revistos aqui. O tratamento local do melanoma murino com o peptídeo gomesina é outro modelo estudado na Unidade de Oncologia Experimental (UNONEX) da UNIFESP.

Peptides are remarkably reactive molecules produced by a great variety of species and able to display a number of functions in uni-and multicellular organisms as mediators, agonists and regulating substances. Some of them exert cytotoxic effects on cells other than those that produced them, and may have a role in controlling subpopulations and protecting certain species or cell types. Presently, we focus on antifungal and antitumor peptides and discuss a few models in which specific sequences and structures exerted direct inhibitory effects or stimulated a protective immune response. The killer peptide, deduced from an antiidiotypic antibody, with several antimicrobial activities and other Ig-derived peptides with cytotoxic activities including antitumor effects, are models studied in vitro and in vivo. Peptide 10 from gp43 of P. brasiliensis (P10) and the vaccine perspective against paracoccidioidomycosis is another topic illustrating the protective effect in vivo against a pathogenic fungus. The cationic antimicrobial peptides with antitumor activities are mostly reviewed here. Local treatment of murine melanoma by the peptide gomesin is another model studied at the Experimental Oncology Unit of UNIFESP.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermal dimorphic fungal pathogen, produces a melanin-like pigment in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the involvement of carbohydrates and monoclonal antibody to CD18, on phagocytosis inhibition, involving macrophage receptors and the resistance of melanized fungal cells to chemically generated nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite and H2O2. Our results demonstrate that melanized yeast cells were more resistant than nonmelanized yeast cells to chemically generated NO, ROS, hypochlorite and H2O2, in vitro. Phagocytosis of melanized yeast cells was virtually abolished when mannan, N-acetyl glucosamine and anti-CD18 antibody were added together in this system. Intratracheal infection of BALB/c mice, with melanized yeast cells, resulted in higher lung colony forming units, when compared to nonmelanized yeast cells. Therefore, melanin is a virulence factor of P. brasiliensis.

Deaths caused by systemic mycoses such as paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis and zygomycosis amounted to 3,583 between 1996-2006 in Brazil. When analysed as the underlying cause of death, paracoccidioidomycosis represented the most important cause of deaths among systemic mycoses (~ 51.2%). When considering AIDS as the underlying cause of death and the systemic mycoses as associated conditions, cryptococcosis (50.9%) appeared at the top of the list, followed by candidiasis (30.2%), histoplasmosis (10.1%) and others. This mortality analysis is useful in understanding the real situation of systemic mycoses in Brazil, since there is no mandatory notification of patients diagnosed with systemic mycoses in the official health system.